Correspondent :
Khalisha Diaz Habibah
Email:
[email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Kidney stone sufferers in Indonesia are namely 0.6% or 6 per
1000 population (Riskesdas, 2013). Kidney stone sufferers have a risk of complications in the form of loss of kidney
function, need for transfusions, strictures, obstruction, hydronephrosis,
pyonephrosis, and death (Fauzi & Putra,
2016). Treatment
for kidney stones requires a large amount of funding because it requires
surgical therapy and chemical drugs (Smith, 2023).
Based
on the problems above, new treatments need to be carried out with therapies
that have low costs and optimal
results. One of them is natural ingredient therapy. Natural ingredients containing potassium and flavonoids can dissolve kidney stones (Susanti & Janah, 2020). Kepok banana peel and yellow watermelon peel have both
ingredients (Bakshi & Wadhwa,
2013; Fadhila et al., 2022; Supriyanti et al., 2015;
Wardhana et al., 2016). However, people have not utilized the secondary
metabolites produced by these two natural ingredients properly, especially in
terms of treatment.
The challenge in using this natural ingredient
is that the dose must be significant, and absorption is often hampered. This is because the preparations are still in the form of potions, extracts, and infusions. Nanoemulsion preparations
are the right solution to this problem. This preparation is an oil-in-water
(O/W) emulsion (Santamar�a et al., 2023). Kepok banana peel and
yellow watermelon peel extracts are the active ingredients in the oil phase. At
the same time, the pH 7 phosphate buffer is the active ingredient in the water
phase. The oil droplets will mix with the water phase (Agustinisari et al., 2014). The nanoemulsion form was
chosen because it can increase the physical stability of a bioactive component,
prevent chemical damage and interaction with food ingredients, and be
disseminated efficiently in water systems (Czerniel et al., 2023). The effectiveness of this preparation can be
increased and maximized through the use of nanoemulsion
technology (Qian et al., 2023).
Based on the description above, this
research to make and analyze the nanoemulsion
formulation from kepok banana peel extract and yellow
watermelon peel as a kidney stone laxative. The hope is that the results of
this research can become the basis for further research.
METHOD
This research design is an experimental laboratory using a quantitative
research design consisting of making nanoemulsions of
kepok banana peel extract and yellow watermelon peel.
This research was conducted at UMY Phytomedicine Laboratory, the UMY Pharmaceutical Technology
Laboratory, and UGM Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory in about 1 month. The tools used in this research include knives,
ovens (Memmert), blenders (Philips), digital scales (Mettler Toledo�), measuring cups (Pyrex), maceration
vessels, stirring rods (Pyrex), spatulas, filter funnels (Pyrex), beakers
(Pyrex), pans, water baths (Memmert�) porcelain
dishes, closed containers for extracts, test tubes (Pyrex�), test tube racks,
drip pipettes (Pyrex�), nichrome wire, spirit lamps,
Ultra-Turrax homogenizer (IKA� T25,�� Germany), sealed containers for nanoemulsions, Particle Size
Analyzer (PSA), medical
masks, and handscoons. The materials used in this research include kepok banana peel,
yellow watermelon peel, 70% ethanol, filter paper, pH (MQuant�) paper, aluminum
foil, concentrated HCl, magnesium metal, pH 7 phosphate buffer, Tween 80, 96%
ethanol, and aquadest.
The kepok
banana peel and yellow watermelon peel are thoroughly washed, cut into small
pieces, and dried in a 50�C oven for 4 days. The dried banana peel and yellow
watermelon peel are mashed using a blender. After that, the kepok
banana peel and yellow watermelon peel were finely macerated using 70% ethanol
solvent in a ratio of 1: 5. The maceration container is closed and left for 3
days stirring every 24 hours. The maceration results are filtered so that a
clear filtrate is obtained. The filtrate is evaporated in a water bath at 50�C
until a thick extract is obtained, then the thick extract is weighed until a
fixed extract weight is obtained. The flavonoid test was performed with the Shinoda Test, the extract was put into a test tube and
added 0.2 g of Mg powder and 3 drops of HCl. The presence of flavonoid compounds
is characterized by the formation of orange (flavones), pink (flavonols), red
(2.3 dihydroflavonols), and purple (xanthones) (Faskalia, 2014). The potassium test is performed by flame test using
nichrome wire. Nichrome wire is incandescent first until it does not dye the
fire before use and washed with concentrated HCl. Next, the nichrome wire is
dipped in the extract and heated on the outside of the flame from the Bunsen
burner. The steam released from heating will cause a purple flame if it
contains potassium (Alauhdin, 2020).
The concentration
of kepok banana peel extract and yellow watermelon
peel was made using Ultra-Turrax homogenizer (IKA�
T25, Germany) at a speed of 15,200 rpm. Kepok banana
peel extract and yellow watermelon peel are prepared as an oil phase with a
concentration of 20% (2 gr of kepok banana peel
extract and yellow watermelon peel at 10 ml of 96% ethanol). Phosphate buffer
solution pH 7 as an aqueous phase. A sample of 100 ml was obtained by mixing kepok banana peel extract and yellow watermelon peel at a
concentration of 20% with Tween 80 and then dissolving in a buffer solution (Jusnita &
Nasution, 2019). The formulations of nanoemulsion preparations are presented in Table 1.
Table 1 Formulation of Nanoemulsion
Preparation of Kepok Banana Peel
and Yellow Watermelon Skin Extract
|
Material
|
Formula
|
Material Function
|
|
Oil Phase
|
|
|
Kepok
banana peel extract + Yellow watermelon peel extract + Ethanol 96% (ml)
|
20
|
As dissolved substances
|
|
Tween 80
(g)
|
2
|
As a surfactant
|
|
Water Phase
|
|
|
Phosphate
buffer (ml)
|
78
|
As a solvent
|
The results of nanoemulsion preparations were tested to evaluate pH,
viscosity, nanoemulsion size, and nanoemulsion
type. The pH test was performed using a pH paper tool dipped in 0.5 grams of nanoemulsion diluted with 5 mL of aquadest.
The viscosity test is performed with a rotary viscometer (Brookfield� LVT
207749, Germany) at room temperature. In addition, the particle size test and pdI test with Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). The nanoemulsion type test was performed by dissolving the
sample into the aqueous phase (1:100) and oil phase (1:100). If the sample is
perfectly soluble in aquadest, then the nanoemulsion type is classified as oil in water type (M/A),
while if the sample is completely soluble in the oil phase, then the nanoemulsion type is classified as water in oil type (A/M) (Jusnita &
Nasution, 2019).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Making Kepok
Banana Peel and Yellow Watermelon Peel Extract
Making kepok banana peel and
yellow watermelon peel extract is a process that involves several critical
stages to obtain quality extract ingredients. This process begins with
collecting 305 grams and 225 grams of kepok banana
peel and yellow watermelon peel powder, respectively. The powder was macerated
using 70% ethanol in a ratio of 1:5 for 3 days and remacerated
for 2 days. The results of combining maceration and remaceration
of kepok banana peels and 1,550 ml and 925 ml of
yellow watermelon peels obtained ethanol extract. The extract is thickened by
evaporating it over a water bath at a temperature of 50℃. The thick
extracts obtained were 37.25 grams and 22.25 grams of kepok
banana peel and yellow watermelon peel extract with yield values of 12.2% and
9.8%.
The kepok banana peel and
yellow watermelon peel extracts produced in this process are precious because
they contain bioactive compounds that can have various health benefits. These
compounds may include polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamins, and other compounds
with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This extract can be used in
various applications, including dietary supplements, or pharmaceutical and
health research. The yield obtained in this process can also indicate the
efficiency of the extraction process. It can be used in subsequent production
calculations and planning.
Making kepok banana peel and
yellow watermelon peel extracts is an example of how natural compounds
contained in plant materials can be carefully extracted for use in various
applications. This extraction process produces high-quality extracts with
significant health benefits. Therefore, a good understanding of extraction
techniques and the use of appropriate solvents is fundamental to obtaining
maximum results from natural raw materials such as kepok
banana peels and yellow watermelon peels.
Flavonoid Test and Extract Potassium Test
The results of the flavonoid test and
potassium test of kepok banana peel and yellow
watermelon peel extracts showed that they contained flavonoids and potassium.
Table 2 Flavonoid Test Results and Potassium Extract Test
|
Test
|
Theoretical Results
|
Conclusion
|
|
Banana
|
Watermelon
|
|
Flavonoids
|
Color changes to yellow, red, or brown
|
Positive
|
Positive
|
|
Potassium
|
Fire is purple if it contains potassium
|
Positive
|
Positive
|
The yellow, red, or
brown color changes on kepok banana and yellow
watermelon peels occur due to chemical reactions between oxidizing agents, such
as metals or enzymes. When an oxidation reaction occurs, flavonoids will
undergo structural changes and produce compounds with different colors. This
compound is anthocyanin (a type of flavonoid). Anthocyanins
change to red at acidic pH, while blue or purple at alkaline pH (Santoso & Mulyono,
2015).
The change in flame color to purple in the potassium test of the kepok banana peel and yellow watermelon peel occurred due
to the reaction between the phenolic compounds in the two peels and potassium (Setiawan et al., 2023). This
reaction forms a complex compound that emits purple light when heated (phenolate-potassium reaction). Electrons in phenolic
compounds that are in an excited (stimulated) state will fall back to their
ground state and release energy in the form of light at a specific wavelength
(purple color spectrum) (Chen et al., 2019).
Flavonoids in
kepok banana and yellow watermelon peels will form a complex compound between
the calcium in kidney stones and the -OH group of flavonoids, forming Ca-flavonoids (Susanti & Janah, 2020). This complex compound is thought to be more soluble
in water and helps the solubility of the water in urine. Flavonoids also act as
antioxidants, protecting the body's epithelial structures, including the
kidneys (Handani et al., 2015). The
potassium content in both
peels works by
removing calcium and combining it with the calcium oxalate compound to form a
salt compound, which is easily soluble in water and will slowly come out of the urine (Permata et al., 2017).
Making Nanoemulsion of Kepok Banana Peel Extract and Yellow Watermelon
Peel
Making kepok
banana peel extract and yellow watermelon peel nanoemulsion
is a process that involves special techniques to create an excellent colloidal
system. Nanoemulsion is a form of emulsion that has nano-sized oil particles, usually less than 100 nanometers,
which are evenly distributed in the water phase. The process of making this nanoemulsion involves several main components, including
the oil phase, water phase, and cosurfactant (Jaiswal et al., 2015).
Nanoemulsion of kepok banana peel
extract and yellow watermelon peel is made using a dispersed phase, namely the
oil phase, and a dispersing phase, namely the water phase. The oil phase in
this nanoemulsion contains extracts of kepok banana peel, yellow watermelon peel, ethanol 96%, and
Tween 80. Kepok banana peel and yellow watermelon
peel extracts have been previously extracted using specific methods, perhaps
with solvents such as ethanol or water. The water phase in making this nanoemulsion is the dispersion medium in which the oil
particles will be dispersed.
Ethanol 96% acts as
a cosurfactant in the process of making nanoemulsions. Cosurfactants are
substances that help reduce the surface tension between the oil phase and the
water phase, thereby allowing the formation of more stable nanoparticles. With the presence of cosurfactants,
nanoemulsions can have long-term stability, which is
essential for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industrial applications (Pavoni et al., 2020).
Manufacturing nanoemulsions involves intensive mixing, stirring, and
homogenization to ensure the oil particles are well dispersed in the water
phase. The result is a very smooth and stable colloidal system, which has many
potential applications.
This nanoemulsion
of kepok banana peel and yellow watermelon peel
extract can be used in various product formulations, such as pharmaceutical
products. The advantages of nanoemulsions include
increasing the bioavailability of active substances in kepok
banana peel and yellow watermelon peel extracts, as well as the ability to
provide desired pharmacological effects at lower doses (Riswanto et al., 2023). Overall, the manufacture of nanoemulsion is an essential technique in the development
of natural extract-based products.
Analysis of Nanoemulsion
of Kepok Banana Peel Extract and Yellow Watermelon Peel
In this research, interpretation can be seen from the
pH value, viscosity, size, and type of nanoemulsion.
The pH test of the resulting nanoemulsion formula is
7. This can be declared safe to use as an essential ingredient for medicine
because it corresponds to the pH of the small intestine (7-7.24) as the main
organ for drug absorption (Alawiyah, 2020). In addition, the viscosity test obtained 2.70 cP
using a Brookfield Viscometer. This test aims to determine the viscosity of the nanoemulsion preparation. The viscosity of the preparation
affects the release of the active substance from the preparation. The ideal
viscosity value for nanoemulsion preparations is in
the range of 1-100 cP. Particle size tests and
PDI tests were carried out to determine the size and particle size distribution
of nanoemulsion preparations. Testing the size and
distribution of these particles using a
Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) resulted in a nanoemulsion
size of 246.9 nm and PDI (Polydispersity Index) of
0.618.
The particle size in the formula meets the range of nanoemulsion particle size criteria, namely around 20-500
nm. In contrast, the PDI value of the nanoemulsion
formula shows a number greater than 0.50. This indicates that the preparation
of the nanoemulsion extract formula is not uniform. A
good polydispersity index is below 0.5, while a value
above 0.5 indicates that the globule distribution is non-uniform (Branco et al., 2020). The type of nanoemulsion formed can be determined by dilution. The
principle of the test is to dilute the system formed with the oil or water
phases. In this test, the type of oil in water (O/W) is obtained.
CONCLUSION
Based on this research, a nanoemulsion
preparation was obtained with the formulation of kepok
banana peel extract and yellow watermelon peel, which contains flavonoids and
potassium. This can be seen from qualitative tests with color reactions and flame reactions.
These two skin extracts have
great potential for removing calcium. Hence, they have the potential to solve
problems related to kidney disease. Analysis of nanoemulsion of kepok banana peel
extract and yellow watermelon peel in this research, interpretation can be seen
from the pH value, viscosity, size, and type of nanoemulsion.
The nanoemulsion extract has a pH value of 7 and a
viscosity value of 2.70 cP. The nanoemulsion
of kepok banana peel and yellow watermelon peel
extracts also has a size of 246.9 nm and a PDI of 0.618 with an oil-in-water
(O/W) nanoemulsion type.
REFERENCES
Agustinisari,
I., Purwani, E. Y., Harimurti, N., & Yuliani, S. (2014). Aktivitas
Antimikroba Nanoemulsi Minyak Biji Pala (Antimicrobial Activity of Nutmeg Oil
Nanoemulsion). Indonesian Journal of
Agricultural Postharvest Research, 11(1), 1�8.
Alauhdin,
M. (2020). Kimia Analitik Dasar
[UNNESPRESS]. https://lib.unnes.ac.id/57072/
Alawiyah,
I. M. (2020). Formulasi dan uji
karakteristik sediaan SNEDDS ekstrak etanol bawang dayak (Eleutherine
palmifolia (L.) MERR.) dengan variasi perbandingan Surfaktan-Kosurfaktan dan
minyak kelapa sawit. Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim.
Bakshi, M.
P. S., & Wadhwa, M. (2013). Nutritional evaluation of cannery and fruit
wastes as livestock feed. Indian
Journal of Animal Sciences, 83(11),
1198�1202.
Branco, I.
G., Sen, K., & Rinaldi, C. (2020). Effect of sodium alginate and different
types of oil on the physical properties of ultrasound-assisted nanoemulsions. Chemical Engineering and Processing-Process
Intensification, 153,
107942.
Chen, Z.,
Dong, G., Gao, H., & Qiu, J. (2019). Two-/multi-wavelength light excitation
effects in optical materials: From fundamentals to applications. Progress in Materials Science, 105, 100568.
Czerniel,
J., Gostyńska, A., Jańczak, J., & Stawny, M. (2023). A critical
review of the novelties in the development of intravenous nanoemulsions. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and
Biopharmaceutics, 191,
36�56. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.08.009
Fadhila, Z.
N., Dewayanti, A. A., Daniati, O. P., Nugraheni, T. S., & Andriani, D.
(2022). Penetapan Parameter Spesifik Dan Non Spesifik Ekstrak Kulit Semangka. Jurnal Insan Farmasi Indonesia, 5(1), 159�166.
Faskalia,
M. A. W. (2014). Skrining Fitokimia, Uji Aktivitas, Antioksidan Dan Uji
Sitotoksik Ekstrak Metanol Pada Akar Dan Kulit Batang Soma (Ploiarium
alternifolium). Jurnal Kimia
Khatulistiwa, 3(3).
Fauzi, A.,
& Putra, M. M. A. (2016). Nefrolitiasis. Jurnal Majority, 5(2),
69�73.
Handani, A.
R., Salim, M. N., Harris, A., & Budiman, H. (2015). Pengaruh Pemberian Kacang
Panjang (Vigna Unguiculatterhadap Struktur Mikroskopis Ginjal Mencit (Mus
Musculus) Yang Diinduksi Aloksan. Jurnal
Medika Veterinaria, 9(1).
Jaiswal,
M., Dudhe, R., & Sharma, P. K. (2015). Nanoemulsion: an advanced mode of
drug delivery system. 3 Biotech,
5, 123�127.
Jusnita,
N., & Nasution, K. (2019). Formulasi nanoemulsi ekstrak daun kelor (moringa
oleifera lamk). Industria: Jurnal
Teknologi Dan Manajemen Agroindustri, 8(3), 165�170.
Pavoni, L.,
Perinelli, D. R., Bonacucina, G., Cespi, M., & Palmieri, G. F. (2020). An
overview of micro-and nanoemulsions as vehicles for essential oils:
Formulation, preparation and stability. Nanomaterials,
10(1), 135.
Permata, Y.
M., Angkat, L., & Wahyuni, H. S. (2017). Analisis Kadar Kalium Dan Daya
Larut Kalsium Oksalat Oleh Infusa SeladA (Lactuca sativa L.) SECARA
SPEKTROFOTOMETRI SERAPAN ATOM. Jurnal
Farmasi Galenika, 4(2),
38�44.
Qian, M.,
Yuan, R., Huang, Q., Feng, J., Xu, G., & Yang, G. (2023). Optimization of
ultrasound extraction technology of DTD from Ageratina adenophora, and the
preparation and characterization of nanoemulsions: Insecticidal activity and
safety evaluation. Industrial Crops
and Products, 204,
117369. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117369
Riskesdas.
(2013). Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013.
https://repository.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/id/eprint/4467/
Riswanto,
F. D. O., Putri, D. C. A., Permatasari, M., Putra, N. A., Lesmana, J. A., &
Saputra, J. W. N. A. (2023). Prosiding
Seminar Nasional Farmasi:" The Future of Pharmacy and Health Technology in
Degenerative and Tropical Disease". Sanata Dharma University Press.
Santamar�a,
E., Maestro, A., Vilchez, S., & Gonz�lez, C. (2023). Study of nanoemulsions
using carvacrol/MCT-(Oleic acid-potassium oleate)/ Tween 80 �- water system by low
energy method. Heliyon, 9(6), e16967.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16967
Santoso,
B., & Mulyono, E. W. S. (2015). Penapisan zat warna alam golongan
anthocyanin dari tanaman sekitar sebagai indikator asam basa. Fluida, 11(2), 1�8.
Setiawan,
A., Dianti, L. R., Mayangsari, N. E., Widiana, D. R., & Dermawan, D.
(2023). Removal of methylene blue using heterogeneous Fenton process with Fe
impregnated kepok banana (Musa acuminate L.) peel activated carbon as catalyst.
Inorganic Chemistry Communications,
152, 110715.
Smith, Y.
(2023). What is Urolithiasis?
https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Urolithiasis.aspx
Supriyanti,
F. M. T., Suanda, H., & Rosdiana, R. (2015). Pemanfaatan ekstrak kulit
pisang kepok (Musa bluggoe) sebagai sumber antioksidan pada produksi tahu. Seminar Nasional Kimia Dan Pendidikan Kimia
VII. Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta, 393�400.
Susanti, A.
D., & Janah, L. K. (2020). Uji Kelarutan Batu Ginjal dalam Ekstrak Etanol
dan Aquades Batang Pisang Sejati Secara In Vitro. Jurnal Farmasindo, 4(1),
36�39.
Wardhana,
K. P., Sumaryati, E., & Sudiyono, S. (2016). Pengaruh Suhu Dan Lama
Penyimpanan Kulit Semangka (Citrullus vulgaris Schard) Terhadap Sifat
Fisikokimia Minuman Sari Kulit Semangka. Agrika,
10(1).
�����������
Received :
11-10-2023 ������������������� ������������� Received : 01-11-2023 ������������������� Published
: 14-11-2023��������� 