Correspondent: Mareta Febriana
F
Email: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is a
country that has many herbal plants that can be used in traditional medicine.
The demand for medicinal plants is increasing rapidly in developing and
developed countries. Many Indonesian people also understand the benefits of
using herbal plants as modern health products. One of the medicinal plants that
is widely used as a health product is Groundcherry (Setianah
et al., 2021).
Groundcherry is a medicinal plant with many benefits and properties that
still need to be discovered by the public (Setianah
et al., 2021). In general, the benefits
of the Groundcherry plant are used as traditional
medicine by the community. Groundcherry leaves
contain compounds that can be used in medicine. Some of the compounds contained
in Groundcherry leaves are flavonoids, alkaloids,
steroids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones and terpenoids (Wang
et al., 2023). The Groundcherry
plant contains flavonoids and alkaloids, which are used as antibacterials
(Daud
et al., 2021) (Rostikawati
& Supratman, 2021).
Antibacterials are substances that can kill or inhibit the growth of
bacteria that cause infection, including Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is a common cause of skin infections such as
boils, acne, impetigo and wound infections. Treatment for diseases caused by
bacteria is generally in the form of gel, lotion or ointment, cream and soap
because they can treat the infection directly (Hoang
et al., 2021).
The various
types of antibacterial preparation products generally used by the public vary
greatly. One type of preparation that is currently in great demand is liquid
soap. Liquid soap is a skin cleansing preparation that can remove dirt stuck to
the skin's surface. Liquid soap preparations are also useful for treating skin
diseases caused by bacteria and fungi. Natural ingredients can be added to
liquid soap preparations, such as Groundcherry
leaves, which contain flavonoid and alkaloid compounds which can be used as antibacterials. The advantage of using liquid soap based on
the natural ingredients of Groundcherry leaves is
that it can kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria on the skin that cause
infection, namely Staphylococcus aureus (Kusumaningtyas
et al., 2015). In general, testing of
antibacterial preparations uses the agar diffusion method using discs (Handayani
et al., 2019).
Antibacterial
activity can be studied using several methods, namely the dilution method,
dilution diffusion method, and agar diffusion method (Chen
et al., 2023). The diffusion method is
the most frequently used method for analyzing antibacterial activity. The
working principle of the diffusion method is the diffusion of antibacterial
compounds into the medium where the test bacteria have been inoculated. The
results observed in this test were that the diameter of the area was
proportional to the number of test bacteria added to the disc paper and the
growth of bacteria around the area of the disc paper �(Nurhayati
et al., 2020).
This study
aims to carry out antibacterial tests of ground cherry leaf extract liquid soap
formulations using Staphylococcus aureus, which can
cause skin infections using the agar diffusion method using paper discs with
formulation ratios.
METHOD
The antibacterial test method was carried out using the disc diffusion
method. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria have been cultured on slanted NA media
using the streak plate technique. Sample on study This uses liquid soap. �In this study, various tools and
materials were used such as Erlenmeyer, test tubes, measuring cups, beaker
glass, petri dishes, ose needles, incubators,
spirits, autoclaves, laminar air flow, pH meters, drip pipettes, spatels, test tubes, rotary evaporators, waterbaths, ciplukan leaves (Physalis angulata L.), pure
cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, ethanol 70%, KOH
40%, HCl 0.1N, stearate acid, NaCl
0.9%, aquadest,� erythromycin, and indicator PP. The
research process involves several steps, including making ciplukan
leaf ethanol extract, making ciplukan leaf extract
liquid soap with different formulations (F1, F2, F3), and examining the liquid
soap preparation through organoleptic tests, pH, foam tests, and free alkali
tests. Antibacterial tests were also carried out using the disc diffusion method
with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria as pathogens.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Making Groundcherry Leaf Extract
The results of making Groundcherry leaf extract
are thick, dark brown, and have a distinctive odour from Groundcherry
leaves. The extract weight obtained was 109.2879 grams, with a yield value of
10.92%.
Results of Evaluation of Physico-chemical Characteristics of Liquid Soap
Preparations
The results of the physicochemical characteristic evaluation test showed
that the organoleptic test results on FI were liquid, brown in color, with a
characteristic odour of Groundcherry leaves; FII is
liquid, brown in color, has a characteristic odour from Groundcherry
leaves; FIII is liquid, brown in color, and has a distinctive smell of Groundcherry leaves. The pH value in each formula ranges
from 11.56 to 11.80. The foam height in each formula is between 24 mm and 36
mm. The foam stability value for each formulation is 59% -78%. The free alkali
content in each preparation is between 0.4% - 0.9%. This can be seen in Table
1, page 10.
Antibacterial Test Results
The results of the antibacterial test obtained an average result of
replication; the positive control (erythromycin) was 25.22 mm; the positive
control (soap only) was 16.27mm; the positive control (extract) 11.05mm; the
negative control was 0mm; 10% concentration of 7.97mm; 15% concentration of
14.82mm; 20% concentration is 17.6mm. This can be seen in Table 2, page 10.
Extract preparation in this study used the maceration method. The results
obtained were calculated by calculating the yield value of the extract.
Calculation of yield results aims to determine the amount of extract obtained.
This is by research conducted by (Sayuti et al., 2017) that the
yield value is related to the active compound content of a sample, so if the
yield value is higher, the active compound content will also be greater. The
high value of bioactive compounds contained in a sample is indicated by the
high yield value produced.
Making liquid soap is carried out by adding the active ingredient Groundcherry leaf extract as an additional excipient. After
the process of making the liquid soap preparation is carried out, physico-chemical testing is carried out, which aims to
determine the quality of the liquid soap preparation by standards. The
physicochemical testing of liquid soap was carried out by previous research by (Widyasanti et al., 2018). Testing the
characteristics of liquid soap was carried out to determine the quality of the
liquid soap produced. This characteristic aims to determine the physical and
chemical properties of liquid soap and the suitability of the liquid soap
product produced.
Physico-chemical
testing of liquid soap preparations includes organoleptic tests, pH tests, foam
tests and alkali tests. In this test, it can be seen that if the pH value is
too alkaline, this is influenced by the addition of high concentrations of KOH
as an excipient to liquid soap preparations which have a strong alkaline pH,
which can cause the pH of the liquid soap to become more alkaline. This is by
research conducted by (Aras, 2023). The higher
the KOH concentration, the higher the pH value obtained in liquid soap
preparations (Deng et al., 2023).
In testing for free alkali in this study, the results still needed to be
lowered. This was caused by the high alkali value results, which could be
caused by the KOH concentration being too high and concentrated, which could
cause the alkali content in the liquid soap formulation to be greater. This is
by research conducted by (Aras, 2023) that the
high alkali value is caused by the greater the KOH concentration, the greater
the free alkali in the soap. This is because not all KOH binds with fatty acids
to form soap. In addition, the KOH concentration is too concentrated or
excessive during the saponification process. Based on SNI, the standard for
free alkali in liquid soap is a maximum of 0.1%.
The next test is the antibacterial test. In this test, the results obtained
were that the higher the concentration contained in the liquid soap
preparation, the larger the diameter of the inhibition zone produced. This
proves that the liquid soap formula containing ethanol extract from Groundcherry leaves provides antibacterial activity against
Staphylococcus aureus because it contains secondary compounds that have
antibacterial properties. In replications 1 and 2, there was a decrease in
antibacterial activity in the results. This antibacterial activity is
influenced by a secondary compound contained in Groundcherry
leaf extract. This is by research by (Daud et al., 2021) that one of
the factors that influences antibacterial activity is the content contained in
an extract. The active compounds contained in Groundcherry
leaf extract include flavonoids and alkaloids, which can influence the
inhibition of bacterial growth.
Secondary compounds contained in liquid soap formulations that can
influence bacterial growth are flavonoids and alkaloids (Wu et al., 2021). The
mechanism of action of flavonoids in inhibiting bacterial growth is that the
ethanol extract of Groundcherry leaves can form
extracellular and soluble protein complexes with cell walls and has lipophilic
properties. This process causes damage to the cytoplasmic membrane so that
bacterial cells and cell membranes will be damaged and die. The mechanism of
action of alkaloids in inhibiting bacterial growth disrupts the stability of
the peptidoglycan components in the bacterial cell wall so that the cell wall
layer does not form intact and causes death. This is by research conducted by (Kolo et al., 2022) that
secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and alkaloids can inhibit bacterial
growth. Flavonoids work by forming complex compounds with extracellular and
dissolved proteins, which result in phospholipids being unable to maintain the
shape of the bacterial cell membrane and becoming leaky so that the bacteria
experience growth inhibition and even death. Apart from flavonoids, alkaloid
compounds can inhibit bacterial growth by inhibiting the peptidoglycan
components in bacterial cells so that the cell walls do not form completely and
cause death.
Data analysis in the antibacterial test research used a one-sample t-test
using SPSS, which aims to determine whether there are differences in averages
in the research sample data. Before carrying out this test, a normality test
was carried out to ensure that the data was normally distributed. The normality
test was carried out in 2 tests, namely Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk. In
the results of the Kolmogorov -Smirnov test, a significant value of 0.200 was
obtained, and in the results of the Shapiro - Wilk test, a significant value of
0.302 was obtained. From the results of the normality test, the significant
value obtained was more than >0.05. It can be concluded that the data is
normally distributed. It can be seen in the One sample T-test that the results
obtained with significant values at each concentration were 10% concentration =
0.086, 15% concentration = 0.193, and 20% concentration = 0.168. From these
data, it is stated that the One Sample T Test results obtained were more than
>0.05, so it can be concluded that there is no significant difference
between the different concentrations of Groundcherry
leaves in the formulation in influencing the inhibitory power of bacterial
growth.
CONCLUSION
Based on the
results of the research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that The liquid soap formulation of Groundcherry
leaf extract can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This can
be seen from the antibacterial test, characterized by a clear zone area around
the disc. The results of the antibacterial activity test of Groundcherry
leaf extract liquid soap at a concentration of 10% were included in the medium
category. It produced an average diameter of the inhibition zone of 7.9 mm; 15%
concentration is included in the strong category because it produces an average
zone diameter of 19.45mm. A concentration of 20% is included in the very strong
category because it produces an obstacle zone diameter of 22.35 mm.
The difference
in concentration of liquid soap formulation with Groundcherry
leaf extract, if seen from the results of the average diameter of the
inhibition zone, can influence the growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus
bacteria. The higher the concentration, the wider the diameter of the
inhibition zone. However, look at it statistically using the One Sample T Test.
The result is a P value> 0.05, namely a concentration of 10% = 0.086, 15%
concentration = 0.193, and 20% concentration = 0.168. So, there is no
significant difference between the different concentrations of Groundcherry leaves in the formulation influencing the
growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
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Received: 18-10-2023 �������������������� ������������� Accepted: 09-11-2023��������������������� Published: 16-11-2023��������� 