Correspondent: Nuraini Ainun Tatang
Email: [email protected]�
INTRODUCTION
Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is an
infectious disease caused by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV2) (Hamdan et al.,
2021). This disease was first
discovered in December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of China's Hubei Province,
and has since spread globally worldwide, resulting in the 2019-2020 coronavirus
pandemic (Acter
et al., 2020). WHO declared the 2019-2020
coronavirus outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)
on January 30, 2020, and a pandemic k on March 11, 2020.
Based on WHO data, as of June 24,
2022, there were 547,386,723 cases of COVID-19 infection in the world, with
6,347,567 deaths and 522,675,831 recovered from COVID-19 (WHO,
2022). Indonesia first detected a
COVID-19 case on March 2, 2020, with two people confirmed positive for COVID-19. Since then,
COVID-19 has spread so quickly until June 24, 2021. Indonesia has reported
2,053,995 confirmed cases of COVID-19, with a death rate of 1,826,504 from 34
provinces (Ministry
of Health, 2022).
Various efforts have been made to
overcome the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, one of which is the vaccination
effort (Gandryani
& Hadi, 2021). Vaccines help maintain the
body's condition and prevent disease. Vaccines can help create immunity to
protect themselves from infection (Salimi-Jeda
et al., 2021). This makes all countries in
the world compete to make vaccines or drugs to deal with COVID-19 both for use
in their own countries and assistance from other countries and hopes to be able
to restore the world.
Indonesia has not been able to
produce its vaccines. However, Indonesia has received vaccine assistance from
several countries to support handling the COVID-19 pandemic. Indonesia uses several
vaccine brands. The details are 3 million doses that have arrived in Indonesia
(as of January 6, 2021) plus another 122.5 million doses from Sinovac, then
from Novavax 50 million doses, from COVAX/Gavi 54 million doses from Astra
Zeneca 50 million doses and Pfizer's batch of 50 million vaccine doses. Total the vaccines ordered were
329.5 Million doses of the COVID-19 vaccine (Gandryani
& Hadi, 2021).
Since the beginning of the
distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine in Indonesia, the government has suggested
doing vaccines with Phase I and II doses. In contrast, the time interval
between Phase I and II is one month. Entering 2022, the number of cases of
COVID-19 has not subsided, so the government is advising the public to get the
Phase III vaccine (Booster) on January 12, 2022, starting with health workers.
Phase III vaccines (Booster) given to residents must first receive Phase I and
II vaccines six months apart (Rokom,
2022).
Booster vaccines are additional
vaccine doses that can provide extra protection against disease. This is
because the effects of some vaccines can wear off over time. Booster vaccines
can enable the body's system to recognize and respond to viruses that cause
disease faster against evolving virus variants (Barnes
et al., 2023).
Health workers play an essential role
in delivering and administering the COVID-19 vaccine in Indonesia, especially
in efforts to accelerate the coverage of COVID-19 vaccinations. In addition,
health workers also play an important role in dispelling people's doubts about
receiving the COVID-19 vaccine due to fears about the safety of the COVID-19
vaccine, whose level of effectiveness is unclear, and the impact after the
vaccine process or post-vaccine follow-up events, so that people are more
motivated in participating in the COVID-19 vaccination program (C�ceres
et al., 2022).
The public's enthusiasm for the
COVID-19 vaccine in South Sulawesi is urgently needed by the whole community
where the implementation of the Phase III (Booster) vaccine for all people
ranging from 18-60 years of age, the implementation of vaccines for all people
has been implemented since July 2021. It is calculated that there is 8.83% of
the community in Indonesia has carried out the Phase III vaccine (Booster).
As of June 24, 2022, the South
Sulawesi province has contributed 143,338 cases of COVID-19, with a death rate
of 2,464 and a recovery rate of 140,627 people. The City of Parepare is one of
the cities in Indonesia that was affected by the COVID-19 virus. The knowledge
of the community needs to be improved in causing various kinds of stigma, which
has resulted in the people of Parepare City seeing all the government's efforts
in dealing with the spread of COVID-19 negatively. In particular, the
information obtained about the vaccine program for the community has harmful
side effects for the body, making people afraid to carry out health
checks/vaccines for COVID-19. In addition, the public's understanding of the
COVID-19 vaccine and health workers is still lacking. Much negative stigma
against health workers makes people increasingly reluctant to carry out health
checks, and Phase III advanced vaccines (Booster).
Based on data from the Parepare City
Health Office that Phase III (Booster) vaccine coverage is still low, namely as
much as 16.79%; it was found that data on people who had not done the vaccine
in Parepare City had already done the Phase I COVID-19 vaccine as much as
97.51% and Phase II as much as 80.57% (RAF,
2021). The Municipal
Government of Parepare has taken various ways to deal with the spread of
COVID-19, including carrying out a mandatory complete vaccine after the Phase
II vaccine for the community, especially the elderly.
Based on the
problems described, this research aims to study further the community's
knowledge and stigma towards the Phase III COVID-19 vaccine (Booster) and
health workers handling COVID-19 in Parepare City. So, the benefit of this
research is to find out the level of public knowledge about the phase III
COVID-19 vaccine (booster) and efforts to deal with COVID-19 in Parepare City.
The research results can assist the government and health workers in developing
information and education programs about the COVID-19 vaccine and the
importance of complying with health protocols in handling COVID-19.
METHODS
This research uses descriptive methods and data about knowledge and
public stigma against Stage Vaccine III (Boosters) COVID-19 and health workers in
Parepare City in 2022. This research is a descriptive study using a
quantitative approach to examine apparent problems, has a large population, and
prioritizes data depth, not data quantity. The population in this study are all people who live in
Parepare City, totaling � 154,524 people, the latest data in 2022, aged 20 to
50 years. The number of samples in this study was 100 people, of which 22 were
in Ujung District, 32 in Soreang, 16 in Bacukiki, and 30 in West Bacukiki. By means of non-random
sampling, samples are taken randomly by using an accidental sampling technique.
This data collection uses two methods, namely the method of observation and
questionnaires. The research questionnaire concerns stigma and
public knowledge regarding the Phase III vaccine (Booster) for COVID-19 and
health workers handling COVID-19. Data analysis in this study used
univariate analysis. The univariate analysis aims to explain or describe the
characteristics of each research variable. Generally, this analysis produces a
distribution of frequencies and percentages of each variable.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Distribution of Respondents
Table 1. Distribution of Respondents Based on Characteristics
|
Characteristics
|
N
|
%
|
|
Gender
|
|
|
|
Man
|
45
|
45.0
|
|
Woman
|
55
|
55.0
|
|
Age (years)
|
|
|
|
20-30
|
47
|
47.0
|
|
31-40
|
42
|
42.0
|
|
41-50
|
11
|
11.0
|
|
Education
|
|
|
|
Did not finish
school/did not finish elementary school
|
3
|
3.0
|
|
Graduated from
elementary school/equivalent
|
7
|
7.0
|
|
SLTP/Equivalent
|
19
|
19.0
|
|
High
School/Equivalent
|
55
|
55.0
|
|
Academic/Higher
Education
|
16
|
16.0
|
|
Work
|
|
|
|
Not Working
|
15
|
15.0
|
|
TNI/POLRI/retired
|
2
|
2.0
|
|
Worker/Worker
|
4
|
4.0
|
|
Farmer
|
16
|
16.0
|
|
Private sector
employee
|
34
|
34.0
|
|
Traders/entrepreneurs
|
29
|
29.0
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100.0
|
Table 1 shows the Characteristics of the sexes of most
respondents, namely women, as many as 55 respondents (55.0%), and men, as many
as 45 respondents (45.0%). Characteristics based on the age of the respondents were mainly in the
age group of 20-30, with 47 respondents (47.0%), and the least were in the age
range of 41-50 years, namely 11 respondents (11.0%). The education
characteristics of most respondents were high school/equivalent with 55
respondents (55.0%), and the least were not completing school/not graduating from elementary
school with
three respondents (9.0%). Characteristics of the work of the most respondents,
namely the category of private employees, as many
as 29 respondents (29.0%), and the least, TNI / POLRI / Pensioners, only
reached two respondents (2.0%).
Table 2. Distribution of Respondents' Level of Knowledge
of Phase III COVID-19
Vaccine
(Booster) in Parepare City in 2022
|
Community
Knowledge Level
|
Tall
|
Low
|
Total
|
|
n
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
|
Edge District
Sorang District
Bakukiki district
West Bacukiki District
|
13
19
7
24
|
59,1
59,4
43,8
80.0
|
9
13
9
6
|
40,9
40,6
56,3
20.0
|
22
32
16
30
|
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
|
|
Total
|
63
|
63.0
|
37
|
37.0
|
100
|
100.0
|
Distribution of knowledge levels community is already high, reaching 63.0%. This
proves that public knowledge of the benefits and substances of the Phase III vaccine
(Booster) is good. Some
people, namely 37.0%, have common knowledge because one of the reasons is not
knowing how important it is to do the Phase III vaccine (Booster).
Table 3. Distribution of Respondents' Level of Knowledge
of Health Workers in Handling
COVID-19
in Parepare City in 2022
|
Community
Knowledge Level
|
Tall
|
Low
|
Total
|
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
|
Edge District
Sorang District
Bakukiki District
West Bacukiki District
|
16
20
12
25
|
72,7
62.5
75.0
83.8
|
6
12
4
5
|
27,3
37.5
25.0
16,7
|
22
32
16
30
|
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
|
|
Total
|
73
|
73.0
|
27
|
27.0
|
100
|
100.0
|
The distribution of public knowledge is already
high, reaching 73.0%. This proves that the people of Parepare City know the
duties of health workers in treating patients infected with COVID-19. Meanwhile, as much as
27.0% of the public needed to understand the role of health workers in
controlling and breaking the chain of COVID-19 in the community.
Table 4. Distribution of Respondents' Stigma Levels
Regarding Phase III COVID-19
Vaccine
(Booster) in Parepare City in 2022
|
Community
Knowledge Level
|
Tall
|
Low
|
Total
|
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
|
Edge District
Sorang District
Bakukiki district
West Bacukiki District
|
14
29
9
17
|
63,6
90.6
56,3
56,7
|
8
3
7
13
|
36,4
9,4
43,8
43,3
|
22
32
16
30
|
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
|
|
Total
|
69
|
69.0
|
31
|
31.0
|
100
|
100.0
|
The distribution of high community stigma
reached 69.0% due to adverse information spreading in the community, such as
Phase III vaccine substances (Booster) can weaken the body's immune system and
cause allergies. Meanwhile, 31.0% of the public knows the benefits of
vaccination and has carried out a complete vaccine to a follow-up vaccine,
namely Phase III (Booster).
Table 5. Distribution of Respondents' Stigma Levels Regarding Health Workers in Handling COVID-19
in Parepare City
|
Community
Knowledge Level
|
Tall
|
Low
|
Total
|
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
|
Edge District
Sorang District
Bakukiki District
West Bacukiki District
|
18
28
12
20
|
81.8
87.5
75.0
66,7
|
4
4
4
10
|
18,2
12.5
25.0
33,3
|
22
32
16
30
|
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
|
|
Total
|
78
|
78.0
|
22
|
22.0
|
100
|
100.0
|
The distribution of high societal stigma, i.e., reached 78.0%. This is because health workers
are infected with COVID-19, making people keep
their distance. Apart from that, diagnosing patients/communities without
further examinations are only based on symptoms and taking advantage in the
case of COVID-19. Meanwhile, 22.0% of the public no longer believes in the
issues circulating in the community regarding health workers carrying the
COVID-19 virus.
Level of
Public Knowledge of Phase III Vaccine (Booster)
Based on
the research results, it was found that the level of public knowledge in
Parepare City was in the high category of 63.0%. This proves that the Phase III
vaccine (Booster) is already well known among the people of Parepare City.
Reporting of the Phase III vaccine (Booster) is no longer new among the public,
as with the COVID-19 Phase I and II vaccines. This is because it is
straightforward for the public to access information about the Phase III
vaccine (Booster) through any media, such as TV news, social media, and
government education to the public.
This
research shows, where people have high knowledge, namely 70%, in breaking the
chain of COVID-19. However, Phase III (Booster) vaccine coverage is still very
far from the target because many people still refuse it for several reasons,
such as the safety and halalness of the vaccine and false news about vaccines,
resulting in low public trust in the government (Balaputra,
2022).
In
contrast to research, which stated that 48.0% of the public's level of
knowledge about the Phase III (Booster) vaccine schedule was still low. Some
even did not know at all. However, the implementation of the Phase III vaccine
(Booster) based on recapitulation data from the Parepare City Health Office
shows that the number of people who have received the Phase III vaccine
(Booster) as of June 26, 2022, only reached 16.79%. One of the reasons is that
the public does not yet know how important it is to do the Phase III vaccine
(Booster). Apart from that, there is also a requirement that the timeframe for
administering the Phase III vaccine (Booster), which is six months after the
administration of the Phase II vaccine, so there is no time/opportunity to do a
complete vaccine.
This
study shows that the highest public knowledge of the Phase III vaccine
(Booster) is in West Bacukiki District, amounting to 24 respondents with a
percentage of 80.0%. This is because West Bacukiki is directly adjacent to
Barru Regency, which is the main route for the province and the main route for
transmission of COVID-19 entering Parepare City so that people in West Bacukiki
District seek information and keep abreast of developments on COVID-19. One of
the efforts that the public can make to avoid the risk of contracting COVID-19
is to get a complete vaccination after doing the Phase III vaccine (Booster).
This
proves that the main route between cities/regencies is the main center for the
Parepare City government to break the COVID-19 chain between districts and
within the community, especially in administering the complete vaccine and
Phase III (Booster) vaccines.
However,
this study is different from research, with the
results obtained that there were still 56 respondents, 26.7% had a different perception of Phase III (Booster) vaccines. Ultimately, it
also affected their unwillingness to do the Phase III vaccine (Booster).
Namely, there were still 71 respondents, 33.8%. Meanwhile, in this study, the
level of knowledge that was still low was found in the Bacukiki District,
amounting to 43.8%. The lack of readiness of the community due to the culture
and customs of the people, who are still strong and refusing to be interviewed,
has slowed the entry of information in Bacukiki District, resulting in delays
in administering the Phase III vaccine (Booster) (Ainun et al, 2021).
This
research is in line with research, that the level of knowledge about the Phase
III vaccine (Booster) is high, namely 90%. However, there is a lack of
information or outreach, education, and the use of various information media to
provide understanding and understanding for the community so that they are
interested in carrying out a complete vaccine, namely the Phase III vaccine
(Booster) (Mardiono et
al, 2021).
Level of
Public Knowledge of Health Workers in the Treatment of COVID-19
The
results of the study show that the level of public knowledge of health workers
in handling COVID-19 is included in the high category, namely 73.0%. This
proves that the people of Parepare City know the duties of health workers in
treating patients who have contracted COVID-19. At the beginning of the
COVID-19 pandemic, the media was busy talking about the role of health workers
in this case, handling COVID-19 with the main task of health workers to reduce
the spread of COVID-19 in the community. Thus, a collaboration between health
workers and the community is needed so that they can stop the transmission of
COVID-19, which increases public knowledge about the roles and duties of health
workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The
level of public knowledge of health workers in Ujung District is included in
the high category, reaching 72.7%. This is because the Ujung sub-district had
the most cases at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, health workers
focused more on educating the public to reduce the chain of transmission of
COVID-19 in the Ujung sub-district. Meanwhile, in Bacukiki, the level of public
knowledge is included in the high category, reaching 75.0%. This is due to the
high level of public knowledge in Bacukiki District due to the enthusiasm of
health workers when carrying out socialization or counseling received
positively.
This
research is different from the research, using Pubmed and google scholar
electronic search databases where the public has insufficient knowledge of
health workers, namely as much as 30.0%. This is due to the lack of information
received by the public and the government's lack of conservative attitude to
educating regarding health services in handling COVID-19 (Astuti et al. 2021).
The
level of knowledge in West Bacukiki District is 83.3%. This number is because
the people in West Bacukiki Sub-District often participate in outreach
conducted by health workers and are in border areas between districts/cities;
the community is aware of the critical role of health workers in handling
COVID-19. Whereas in Soreang District, it reached 62.5% due to the positive
cases of COVID-19 that occurred at the Cempae Health Center, so the
socialization of health workers in the community was hampered.
Level of
Community Stigma Against Phase III (Booster) COVID-19 Vaccine
The
study results show that the community's stigma towards Phase III vaccine
information (Booster) is in the high category, namely 69.0%. This is because
public awareness of the Phase III vaccine (Booster) is still low due to issues
of spreading negative information. For example, Phase III vaccine substances
(Booster) can weaken the body's immunity and cause allergies, making people not
interested in doing the whole vaccine. Then people fear the content of the
Phase III vaccine substance (Booster) because people think it will be dangerous
for people who suffer from underlying diseases, unsafe for the body, and
incompatibility with the vaccines provided.
The
number of issues and information obtained through social media has caused so
much stigma in the community, especially in Soreang District, reaching 90.6%.
So people have a high stigma, and there is no time to do Phase III (Booster)
vaccines.
In
contrast to research, the community has a negative stigma in the COVID-19
vaccination program of 72.9%. This causes the coverage of the Phase III vaccine
(Booster) to be very far from the target and low confidence in the Phase III
vaccine (Booster) (Sanjaya et al.
2022).
The
level of stigma in Ujung District is 63.6% regarding the spread of issues
regarding the Phase III vaccine (Booster), which has a high dose and contains
dangerous substances and lard. Moreover, COVID-19 cases have not occurred, so
people think that the Phase III (Booster) vaccine does not have to be done.
This stigma also occurs in people in Bacukiki District, which reaches 56.3%,
and West Bacukiki District, as much as 56.7%. The community refuses to do the
Phase III vaccine (Booster) and also because the Phase III vaccine (Booster) is
a government program to take advantage of the community.
Level of
Community Stigma Against Health Workers in Handling COVID-19.
Where
people have a high stigma reaching 78.0%, which is caused by health workers
being infected with COVID-19, which makes people keep their distance; in
addition, diagnosing the patient/community without carrying out further
examinations is only based on symptoms and benefits in the case of COVID-19 so
that it becomes one of the driving factors for the community to make decisions
in the form of action in implementing the Phase III vaccine (Booster). One of
the stigmas that have developed in society is health workers who are the source
of the COVID-19 virus, discrimination against patients carrying out optimal
tasks, taking advantage of the public in the financial sector, manipulation and
information.
This
research aligns with research show that negative stigma and discrimination
against health workers reached 70%. This is due to the public's concern for
health workers directly exposed to COVID-19 patients (Hermawan &
Mas'ud, 2022).
According
to information from cheerful medical staff for COVID-19, community stigma in
Soreang District reached 87.5%, which was caused by the presence of health
workers who were susceptible to contracting COVID-19 at the Cempae Health
Center. Hence, people were afraid and kept their distance from health workers.
Meanwhile, in Ujung Subdistrict, as much as 81.0% of which was caused by health
workers diagnosing the community without objective evidence, and health
services when taking swabs were carried out roughly.
This
research show there is an increasing number of reports of public stigma against
medical personnel in hospitals from areas affected by the pandemic in
Indonesia, where medical personnel gets social behavior such as isolating and
avoiding direct contact with health workers because it can spread the
transmission of the virus to the community (Azimah, 2021).
In Bacukiki District, the stigma is 75.0%, and
in West Bacukiki District, it reaches 66.7%. This indicates that the community's stigma against health workers in Parepare City is easily spread through environmental and social media. Due to a lack of public awareness received. So that
there is an exaggerated response from any side of the community which results
in people not trusting and not caring anymore about what is conveyed by health
workers, both the risks and the development of COVID-19 in Parepare City.
CONCLUSION
Based on the
results of research on community knowledge and stigma regarding the COVID-19
vaccine stage III (Booster) and health workers in handling COVID-19 in Parepare
City, it can be concluded that the level of public knowledge of the COVID-19
phase III vaccine (Booster) has a high category of 63%, the level of community
stigma towards the stage III vaccine (Booster) was in the high category of 69%,
the level of public knowledge of health workers was in the high category of
73%, and the level of community stigma towards health workers in Parepare City
was in the high category of 78%.
REF ERENCES
Acter,
T., Uddin, N., Das, J., Akhter, A., Choudhury, T. R., & Kim, S. (2020).
Evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: A global health emergency. Science
of The Total Environment, 730, 138996.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138996
Ainun,
N., Haniarti, H., & Hengky, H. K. (2021). Persepsi masyarakat terhadap
vaksin covid-19 di wilayah Kecamatan Bacukiki Kota Parepare. Tirtayasa
Medical Journal, 1(1), 1�5. https://doi.org/10.52742/tmj.v1i1.12471
Astuti,
N. P., Nugroho, E. G. Z., Lattu, J. C., Potempu, I. R., & Swandana, D. A.
(2021). Persepsi masyarakat terhadap penerimaan vaksinasi COVID-19: Literature
review. Jurnal Keperawatan, 13(3), 569�580. https://doi.org/10.32583/keperawatan.v13i3.1363
Azimah,
A. H. A. (2021). Stigma terhadap petugas kesehatan selama pandemi novel
coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Literature review. Universitas Hasanuddin.
Balaputra,
I. (2022). Mewujudkan masyarakat sehat dan produktif dengan vaksinasi COVID-19
dosis lanjutan (Booster). Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Al-Qodiri, 1(1),
9�14.
Barnes,
K., Faasse, K., & Colagiuri, B. (2023). The impact of side effect framing
on COVID-19 booster vaccine intentions in an Australian sample. Vaccine, 41(12),
2046�2054. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.023
C�ceres, N. A., Shirazipour, C. H., Herrera, E.,
Figueiredo, J. C., & Salvy, S.-J. (2022). Exploring
Latino Promotores/a de Salud (Community Health Workers) knowledge, attitudes,
and perceptions of COVID-19 vaccines. SSM - Qualitative Research in Health,
2, 100033. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmqr.2021.100033
Gandryani,
F., & Hadi, F. (2021). Pelaksanaan vaksinasi COVID-19 di Indonesia: Hak
atau kewajiban warga Negara. Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum
Nasional, 10(1), 23�41.
https://doi.org/10.33331/rechtsvinding.v10i1.622
Hamdan,
H., Hashmi, S. K., Lazarus, H., Gale, R. P., Qu, W., & El Fakih, R. (2021).
Promising role for mesenchymal stromal cells in coronavirus infectious
disease-19 (COVID-19)-related severe acute respiratory syndrome? Blood
Reviews, 46, 100742.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2020.100742
Hermawan,
I. T., & Mas�ud, F. (2022). Analisis
pengaruh stigma terhadap stres kerja serta implikasinya pada kinerja tenaga
kesehatan muslim selama pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal
Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 8(1), 995�1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.29040/jiei.v8i1.4817
Kementerian
Kesehatan RI. (2022). Situasi COVID-19 di Indonesia. Kementrian Kesehatan
RI.
Mardiono, S., Alkhausari, & Saputra, A. U. (2021).
Edukasi dan sosialisasi vaksinasi (COVID-19) kepada masyarakat di wilayah
Kelurahan Dua Puluh Tiga Ilir Palembang. Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat,
3(2), 15�19. https://doi.org/10.37160/emass.v4i1.852
RAF. (2021). Update data pemantauan COVID-19 di Kota
Parepare. Pemerintah Kota Parepare.
Rokom. (2022). Vaksinasi booster gratis, dimulai 12
Januari 2022. Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
Salimi-Jeda, A., Abbassi, S., Mousavizadeh, A., Esghaie,
M., Bokharaei-Salim, F., Jeddi, F., Shafaati, M., & Abdoli, A. (2021). SARS-CoV-2:
Current trends in emerging variants, pathogenesis, immune responses, potential
therapeutic, and vaccine development strategies. International
Immunopharmacology, 101, 108232.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108232
Sanjaya,
S. B., Fahdhienie, F., & Santi, T. D. (2022). Faktor-faktor yang
berhubungan dengan keikutsertaan masyarakat dalam program vaksinasi COVID-19 di
Desa Krueng Mak Kabupaten Aceh Besar tahun 2022. Jurnal Kesmas Jambi, 6(2),
26�31. https://doi.org/10.22437/jkmj.v6i2.20331
WHO.
(2022). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19); situation dashboard. World
Health Organization.
Received: 03-03-2023����������������������������������� Accepted: 10-04-2023��������������������� ������������� Published: 30-06-2023����� 