The Relationship Between Age and Gender and the Incidence of Hypertension at the 05.09.01 Ngawi Health Clinic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58344/ihj.v5i3.924Keywords:
age, sex, Hypertension incidenceAbstract
Hypertension remains one of the major noncommunicable diseases and continues to be a significant public health concern due to its contribution to increased morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular diseases. Identifying nonmodifiable risk factors, such as age and sex, is essential to support hypertension screening and early detection efforts. This study aimed to analyze the association between age, sex, and the incidence of hypertension among patients at the Health Polyclinic 05.09.01 Ngawi. This study employed an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 100 patients were selected using a purposive sampling technique based on medical record data. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis, the Chi-square test for bivariate analysis, and binary logistic regression for multivariate analysis with a significance level of 5%. Bivariate analysis revealed that age was significantly associated with hypertension incidence (p < 0.001), whereas sex was not significantly associated with hypertension (p = 0.478). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the logistic regression model was statistically significant (X² = 16.037; p < 0.001). Age remained a significant predictor of hypertension after controlling for sex (p < 0.001). Patients aged >35 years had 5.743 times higher odds of developing hypertension compared with those aged <35 years (OR = 5.743; 95% CI = 2.286–14.430). In contrast, sex was not significantly associated with hypertension (p = 0.514; OR = 1.470; 95% CI = 0.582–3.717). Age was significantly associated with and influenced the incidence of hypertension, whereas sex showed no significant association with hypertension incidence.
References
Alfaqeeh, M., Alfian, S., & Abdulah, R. (2023). Factors Associated with Hypertension Among Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Indonesian Family Life Survey. Vascular Health and Risk Management, Volume 19, 827–836. https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S438180
American Heart Association. (2025). 2025 AHA/ACC/AANP/AAPA/ABC/ACCP/ACPM/AGS/AMA/ASPC/NMA/PCNA/SGIM Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 152(11), e114–e218. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001356
Chen, F.-Y., Lee, C.-W., Chen, Y.-J., Lin, Y.-H., Yeh, C.-F., Lin, C.-C., & Cheng, H.-M. (2025). Pathophysiology and blood pressure measurements of hypertension in the elderly. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 124, S10–S16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2025.03.027
Cissé, K., Kouanda, S., Coppieters’t Wallant, Y., & Kirakoya-Samadoulougou, F. (2021). Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension among the Adult Population in Burkina Faso: Evidence from a Nationwide Population-Based Survey. International Journal of Hypertension, 2021, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5547661
Connelly, P. J., Currie, G., & Delles, C. (2022). Sex Differences in the Prevalence, Outcomes and Management of Hypertension. Current Hypertension Reports, 24(6), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-022-01183-8
Cosarderelioglu, C., & Abadir, P. M. (2025). Revisiting renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in aging: translational insights from bench to bedside and back. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 135(21). https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI195633
Darvish, S., Murray, K. O., Mahoney, S. A., VanDongen, N. S., Zigler, M. C., Ambrose, C., Flickinger, M. A., Reisz, J. A., D’Alessandro, A., Nowak, K. L., Clayton, Z. S., Moreau, K. L., Seals, D. R., & Rossman, M. J. (2026). Late-Onset Menopause Attenuates Aortic Stiffness in the Postmenopausal Period. Hypertension, 83(3). https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.26346
Defianna, S. R., Santosa, A., Probandari, A., & Dewi, F. S. T. (2021). Gender Differences in Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hypertension among Adult Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12), 6259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126259
Dorter, M., Eid, A., & Saad, N. D. (2026). Prevalence, diagnosis gap, and treatment patterns of hypertension in a primary care electronic health record cohort in Qatar: a retrospective cross-sectional study. BMC Primary Care, 27(1), 203. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-026-03318-1
Drury, E. R., Wu, J., Gigliotti, J. C., & Le, T. H. (2024). Sex differences in blood pressure regulation and hypertension: renal, hemodynamic, and hormonal mechanisms. Physiological Reviews, 104(1), 199–251. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00041.2022
Estiko, R. I., Widyantoro, B., Juzar, D. A., Yusup, R. M., Rakhmat, I. F., & Rijanto, E. (2025). Screening hypertension using non-laboratory risk factors with machine learning: a retrospective cross-sectional study in Indonesia. BMJ Open, 15(8), e092364. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-092364
Gianfredi, V., Nucci, D., Pennisi, F., Maggi, S., Veronese, N., & Soysal, P. (2025). Aging, longevity, and healthy aging: the public health approach. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 37(1), 125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03021-8
Hinkle, J. L., Cheever, K. H., & Overbaugh, K. (2021). Brunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (15th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
Hustrini, N. M., Susalit, E., & Rotmans, J. I. (2023). Older Age is the Strongest Risk Factors for Hypertension in Indonesia: Subgroup Analysis of The National Basic Health Survey 2018. Journal of Hypertension, 41(Suppl 2), e14–e15. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000935624.29815.3f
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2024). Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) 2023 Dalam Angka.
Khasanah, D. N. (2022). THE RISK FACTORS OF HYPERTENSION IN INDONESIA (DATA STUDY OF INDONESIAN FAMILY LIFE SURVEY 5). Journal of Public Health Research and Community Health Development, 5(2), 80. https://doi.org/10.20473/jphrecode.v5i2.27923
Khoiry, Q. A., Alfian, S. D., & Abdulah, R. (2022). Modifiable and Non-modifiable Factors Associated with Low Awareness of Hypertension Treatment in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based National Survey. Global Heart, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.1143
Ma, B., Melton, E., Wiener, R., Zhou, N., Wu, W., Lai, L., Wang, C., Costa, K. D., & Qiu, H. (2022). Age and Blood Pressure Contribute to Aortic Cell and Tissue Stiffness Through Distinct Mechanisms. Hypertension, 79(8), 1777–1788. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.18950
Mashuri, Y. A., Ng, N., & Santosa, A. (2022). Socioeconomic disparities in the burden of hypertension among Indonesian adults - a multilevel analysis. Global Health Action, 15(1), 2129131. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2022.2129131
McMaughan, D. J., Oloruntoba, O., & Smith, M. L. (2020). Socioeconomic Status and Access to Healthcare: Interrelated Drivers for Healthy Aging. Frontiers in Public Health, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00231
Meinert, F., Thomopoulos, C., & Kreutz, R. (2023). Sex and gender in hypertension guidelines. Journal of Human Hypertension, 37(8), 654–661. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-022-00793-8
Mills, K. T., Stefanescu, A., & He, J. (2020). The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 16(4), 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-019-0244-2
Mohammed Nawi, A., Mohammad, Z., Jetly, K., Abd Razak, M. A., Ramli, N. S., Wan Ibadullah, W. A. H., & Ahmad, N. (2021). The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertension among the Urban Population in Southeast Asian Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Hypertension, 2021, 6657003. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6657003
Morimoto, S., & Ichihara, A. (2023). Late age at menopause positively associated with obesity-mediated hypertension. Hypertension Research, 46(5), 1163–1164. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-023-01237-7
Oktamianti, P., Kusuma, D., Amir, V., Tjandrarini, D. H., & Paramita, A. (2023). Does the Disparity Patterning Differ between Diagnosed and Undiagnosed Hypertension among Adults? Evidence from Indonesia. Healthcare, 11(6), 816. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060816
Peng, N., Zhang, Z., Xiao, Y., Ye, Q., Liu, G., Zhen, M., Zheng, Y., Luo, M., & Jiang, T. (2025). Effect of Age on Aldosterone–Renin Ratio in Screening Primary Aldosteronism. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 27(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.70014
Sood, M., Shende, R., Saha, S., & Eruva, V. (2024). Systematic Review Article: Study of Risk Factors for Hypertension. European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine (EJCM), 14(06), 19–22.
Valenzuela, P. L., Carrera-Bastos, P., Gálvez, B. G., Ruiz-Hurtado, G., Ordovas, J. M., Ruilope, L. M., & Lucia, A. (2021). Lifestyle interventions for the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 18(4), 251–275. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-020-00437-9
Visniauskas, B., Kilanowski-Doroh, I., Ogola, B. O., Mcnally, A. B., Horton, A. C., Imulinde Sugi, A., & Lindsey, S. H. (2022). Estrogen-mediated mechanisms in hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Journal of Human Hypertension, 37(8), 609–618. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-022-00771-0
Wahidin, M., Mustikawati, I. S., Handayani, R., & Letelay, A. M. (2025). Overview of Hypertension Prevalence and Its Main Risk Factors in Indonesia – a District-Level Data Analysis. Amerta Nutrition, 9(3), 438–442. https://doi.org/10.20473/amnt.v9i3.2025.438-442
World Health Organization. (2025, September 25). Hypertension. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension
Zhou, B., Carrillo-Larco, R. M., Danaei, G., Riley, L. M., Paciorek, C. J., Stevens, G. A., Gregg, E. W., Bennett, J. E., Solomon, B., Singleton, R. K., Sophiea, M. K., Iurilli, M. L., Lhoste, V. P., Cowan, M. J., Savin, S., Woodward, M., Balanova, Y., Cifkova, R., Damasceno, A., … Ezzati, M. (2021). Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. The Lancet, 398(10304), 957–980. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Setiyono, Riki Ristanto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
