Changes in Patient Safety Culture in Pharmacists after Training and Application of the Model in Pharmacy Referral Program: A Pre-Post Quasi-Experimental Study

Eka Pebi Hartianty; Hesty  Utami Ramadaniati; Antonius Adji  Prayitno Setiadi; Sahat  Saragih

doi:10.58344/ihj.v5i3.934

Authors

Eka Pebi Hartianty Universitas Pancasila
Hesty Utami Ramadaniati Universitas Pancasila
Antonius Adji Prayitno Setiadi Universitas Surabaya
Sahat Saragih Universitas Pancasila

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58344/ihj.v5i3.934

Keywords:

community pharmacist, error documentation, patient safety culture, Referral Program, training

Abstract

Patient safety culture in community pharmacies requires adequate knowledge, operational tools, and continuous organizational learning. This study assessed changes in pharmacists’ knowledge and patient safety culture following training and two months of model implementation. A pragmatic one-group pretest–posttest quasi-experimental study involved 29 pharmacists from 12 Pharmacy Referral Program pharmacies in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, and Tangerang. Approximately three-hour training sessions were delivered in six groups, followed by the implementation of a module, incident classification guide, and logbook. Safety culture was measured using a 63-item, 14-dimension instrument adapted from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Knowledge scores increased from 21.59 to 25.48 (Z = ?4.685; p < 0.001; r = 0.87). Total safety culture scores increased from 269.59 to 274.38, representing a 4.79-point difference (95% CI: 3.58–6.01; t(28) = 8.07; p < 0.001; dz = 1.50). Significant improvements were observed in responses to mistakes, overall safety perceptions, incident awareness and identification, and mistake documentation. Training and model implementation were associated with improvements in targeted safety culture dimensions, although documentation remained the lowest-scoring dimension. Controlled studies with longer follow-up periods and cluster-adjusted analyses are needed to further evaluate effectiveness and sustainability

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