Stroke Risk Factors and Glasgow Outcome Scale-Based Clinical Outcomes at Royal Prima Hospital

Abstract

Stroke outcomes may vary according to demographic and vascular risk factors; however, their associations with clinical status at discharge require context-specific evaluation. This study aimed to examine the associations between selected stroke risk factors and clinical outcomes based on the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at Royal Prima Hospital Medan in 2026. An analytical observational study with a retrospective design was conducted using medical record data from April to August 2026. All 50 eligible patient records were included using total sampling. The evaluated risk factors included age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, hyperlipidemia, and a history of previous stroke. Clinical outcomes at discharge were categorized as favorable or unfavorable based on the GOS. Bivariate associations were assessed using Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test when expected cell-count assumptions were not satisfied. Thirty-one patients (62.0%) had favorable outcomes, whereas 19 (38.0%) had unfavorable outcomes. Significant unadjusted associations were observed for age (p = 0.031), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.023), heart disease (p = 0.043), hyperlipidemia (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.038), and previous stroke history (p = 0.001). Hypertension (p = 0.093) and sex (p = 0.991) were not significantly associated with GOS category. These findings identify factors associated with discharge GOS in this sample; however, they do not establish independent effects or constitute a validated prognostic model because the analysis was retrospective and limited to bivariate testing.